Photography Tips and Tricks

In order to obtain good results when shooting nudes it is recommend heeding the following advice:

- Before shooting first consider good what result you want and what must express your picture, just the image of a naked body without a design, as a rule is of no interest.

- Prepare for the shooting. Long-term measurements, as a rule do not work. Think about how and how much you will shoot before the shoot, not during it. Everything must happen quickly and in a relaxed atmosphere.

- Engage the model in a result. For this show any previously made pictures and discuss them. A good result is possible only with the mutual interest of both parties. Even if you do not like any suggestions from the opposite side, still take a few shots, if you do not like them, then you will simply drop them.

- When shooting a nude model use the same techniques as in the portraiture. Main attention should be paid to the lighting, which emphasizes the shape and volume. Preferred soft diffused light, however directional light in some cases gives good results. When shooting in the sun, use reflectors (large white sheets or mirrors) to illuminate the shadows, placing them outside the frame.

- Try to use multiple light sources. Even low-power built-in flash with natural light can improve the outcome.

- Use a variety of films. For example, using a highly sensitive grained film you can get an interesting artistic effect by the grain and at the same time take pictures in low light conditions.

- Natural daylight and natural surroundings are most preferred.

- Focuses on trimming. In the first phase will be much better to take pictures of body parts, but not all of it. Try to get an unusual effect that uses the colors and accessories as an unusual expense of trimming and building lines within the frame.

- When choosing a film, keep in mind that black and white film is easier to get a good result. In this case, the picture is a more abstract and the focus can be given to composition and lighting, not caring about the color composition.

- It is desirable to use lenses with a focal length of 80-100 mm, as in portraiture. The focal length of 135 mm gives good results when shooting outdoors on a full-length. It should be remembered that in order to get a good blur the background aperture lenses are necessary. Wide-angle lenses give strong perspective distortions and may only be used to produce special effects.

- Some photographers without much success are trying to do body painting, do not forget that should not only be a good photographer for this, but a good artist. For those who are obsessed with this idea we may advise the following. Put the model into a dark room and put it on a black background. Take a simple overhead projector, put it all slide and focus the image on the model. Moving the projector and changing slides, you can get some very interesting figures on the model. The only limitation is the need to make shooting with a tripod and measure light directly on the parts of the model body. Highlighting can be made by weak light sources. When shooting color film it is better to use a conversion filter. Note that the model should not move, as the shutter is long. It is better to do the shoot with bracketing.

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It is possible when shooting a portrait, the following tips will help you:

- When taking a portrait it is very important to convey the character and feelings of man. It is therefore desirable to establish the confidence contact with him and shoot at not very large distances. Some photographers have even used this lens with a focal length of less than common. Need to take some pictures, trying to catch the moment when the facial expression more fully shows the nature of a man.

- It is often used Soft lenses to increase the artistic effect and filters that allow you to better convey the texture of human skin.

- The color of human skin is very important at portrait photography, so there are special film for portraiture. With the usual amateur films can also get good results, but should not take the film which transfer color in very saturated way.

- Avoid shooting in the sun when dark shadows are obtained.

- Lenses with focal length 80-135mm are usually used for shooting portraits. If you want to blur the background, then this should be possible to open the aperture. Significant perspective distortions are obtained when using wide angle lenses.

- It does not necessarily to have the camera at eye level. You can try to change the height and angle of shooting, but not in a very large range or you might get a caricature portrait. Slight decrease in point shooting makes the image model slimmer.

- Use a variety of focal lengths to increase or decrease the future. The use of long lens makes the image flat and as it brings the background. Some photographers to get right proportions of the figure shoot telephoto lens from a distance and talk with the model via the radio.

- Great importance should be given to the background. It should not include details that distract from the main figure. It is best to take him out of the zone of sharpening by slightly open the aperture. In the background there should be random or drop out of the general composition of the frame of subjects. Typically, the best result is obtained when the background is flat.

- Portrait looks better in a vertical arrangement of the frame. At the same time eye level is preferably located at a distance of one third from the bottom or top of the frame in order to attract more attention.

- When shooting at the street the horizon line often prevents, in order to get rid of this problem you must lower or raise the level to which you are shooting.

- The worst decision in the portrait is a frontal lighting, such as built-in flash. The object of the image looks flat and clearly shows the reflection of light on the skin.

- Shadows appear under the eyes and nose when illuminating by light from above or the reflection of light flash from the ceiling. To reduce them you can put a white reflector near.

- If you place the light source at the bottom, then it will give the image a mysterious, mystical appearance.

- Beautiful flat background is obtained by shooting against the light (eg in front of the window) with prolonged exposure. In this case, the contour of the figure is obtained interesting lighting effects, it seems to be blurred. Good results can also be obtained if to highlight the object by the flash in front of backlit, it turns normally exposed image in the plain white background. Should ensure that the direct rays of light sources did not get into the shot.

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Third question – how to shoot?

To make the photo you need to do just four steps:

- Focusing

Depth of field: The distance between the near and most distant object that for a given aperture will be sharp.

-Set shutter speed

Exposure, shutter speed: the time during which light affects the photographic material. Standard range of shutter speeds 1 / 2000, 1 / 1000, 1 / 500, 1 / 250, 1 / 125, 1 / 60, 1 / 30, 1 / 15, 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1 / 2, 1, 2 seconds, etc. Faster shutter speeds allow you to “freeze” moving objects, and long – ” smooth.”

-Set aperture

Aperture: lens aperture, variable moving petals. Each aperture corresponds to the number of f, which is determined by the ratio of hole diameter to the focal length lens. The greater the number of f, the smaller the lens aperture. Therefore, f 8 means that the value of the hole is equal to one-eighth of the focal length of the lens. In creative terms of aperture value adjust depth of field. The smaller the number of f, the smaller the depth of a sharp image of objects.

-Pulled the trigger

In automatic cameras, the camera makes all these actions for you, except for pressing the shutter button. In some cameras there is also a manual mode, where people can put all these parameters at their discretion, although this is desirable for the experience and knowledge of many features of photography.

Shutter: a device that allows you to open access to photographs for the light. The most widespread is closures curtain (one shutter opens, another closes), season (blinds consist of two or more metal plates) and central (the gate is mounted in the lens or close to it). Central shutter does not restrict the use of flashbulbs and the curtain and lamellar allows to photograph only when the shutter sync (naprimer1/30, 1 / 60, 1 / 125, 1 / 250 second) or slower shutter speeds.

The process of photographing goes in the following way – the image of the object through the lens falls on the film, which is due to a photosensitive layer “remembers” this image. In order the image to be of high quality, you must fulfill two conditions – to put the lens and to skip required number of light to the film.

The process of focusing is called the focus and can be either manual or automatic. In manual mode, the photographer achieves the most dramatic images of the desired object in the viewfinder by turning a special ring on the lens. In autofocus mode, image sharpness is achieved through special sensors and the mechanism of conveying the lens. In the cheapest cameras focusing is absent – only the minimum distance from which you can shoot is specified for them. You should always remember that it is impossible to restore the sharpness so that all objects in the film look sharp, i.e. the field can be only for a certain range of distances. This interval depends on the characteristics of the lens. When using auto-focus camera, especially not mirrored, it must be remembered that the sensor autofocus lens focuses on the closest object at the center of the frame.

Exposure on the camera determines the time during which the light enters through the lens onto the film. Shutter speed is written in fractions of seconds, eg 100 means 1 / 100 sec. Exposure can vary from several seconds to thousandths of a second. At long exposures the image of moving objects is blurred, and the affect of camera shake in your hands appears when shooting.

Aperture determines the amount of light passing through the lens. The larger the aperture numbers the less light passes through the lens and the greater the depth of sharpness becomes.

When shooting moving subjects the exposure is a priority, and the shooting where sharpness of the background (eg portrait mode) is critical, the aperture is priority.

With increasing aperture one notch, shutter speed should be reduced by one step, and vice versa. For example, if a film is shooting in bright sunlight to set the shutter speed 1 / 250 and aperture 16, the same result is obtained at 1 / 500 and aperture 11. In fully automatic cameras, they are the majority, the camera itself determines the required couple of the shutter speed and aperture, and in most situations copes well with it. The cheapest options cameras generally have only one aperture and shutter speed, calculated for the shooting in average conditions, but errors received are being adjusted when printing on photo paper.

Manual – manually set shutter speed and aperture

Aperture Priority – aperture is controlled manually, the shutter speed adjusts automatically (on the basis of measurement).

Shutter Priority – excerpt hand, the diaphragm automatically.

Automatic exposure – shutter speed and aperture are set automatically, you can usually adjust them manually.

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If you use the automatic cameras in order to avoid mistakes you should remember the following rules.

1. All metering are built on the assumption that an object reflects some definite amount (18%) of light. Therefore, you should to avoid the situations where there are very light or very dark objects at the camera which occupy a significant area of the frame. For example when shooting a man in a bright white background, the background will turn gray and the man will become black.

EV (Exposure (light), integer) is a conditional number which is characterizing the conditions of photography and which serves to determine the exposure (to settle the couple Speed/aperture).

Compensation is an opportunity to introduce an amendment to the exposition. That is, all frames will be removed from underexposure or overexposure, it is necessary for shooting in automatic modes in complex lighting conditions (for example, a man on a white background). The amount of correction is given in the EV.

Exposure Bracketing (bracketing) – the opportunity to shoot several (usually three) shots with different exposures. In the case of three exposure bracketing – one with the underexposure, one with the over exposure, and the third is exact. It is applied in complex lighting.

2. It is necessary not shoot against the light, if you do not want the objects to look dark in the foreground.

3. In connection with disabilities of photographs, when shooting scenes with a very strong difference in lighting, such as the bright sun, the shadows are obtained with black and bright white objects. The best results are obtained in the absence of direct sunlight. If possible, when shooting in bright sun it is better to include a built-in flash in the forced mode to illuminate at least a little shade.

4. A built-in flash has a fairly small capacity and it is able to illuminate the space at a maximum distance of 2-3 meters.

5. During the shooting without a flash in a room lit by incandescent lamps, pictures will have a yellow light; it is because the photosensitive layer of the film is poised for a specific color temperature of light. There are special films for shooting under incandescent light.

If you follow the above mentioned tips, you can get shots of a very good quality without going very deeply into theoretical and practical aspects of photography. But if you want to do the images of high-quality, you have to look through other sites with the information about photography in the Internet. There you can get more information on how to make high-quality photos in any unusual situations.

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Today corporation Nikon has presented numeral mirror photo camera D3X. Having saved reliability and convenience of prior model D3, photocamera D3X has received a matrix with more high resolution. The new CMOS-matrix with resolution 24,5mpx does the device well approaching for the most different conditions of shooting: as for shooting in studio, and in the street. According to the vendor, the novelty will be especially estimated by the exacting photographers who are taking photographs of the nature, working in studio or in the mode world as such high resolution is necessary for printing of photos of the big format.

Almost all preliminary convergence on product technical data has proved to be true. Photo camera D3X is equipped by specially developed CMOS-matrix of format FX with 12-channel reading, an array of micro lenses without a gap and embedded system of suppression of noise. The product provides the best in the class levels of speed of the continuous shooting and control of noise at high values of light sensitivity, without reducing an amount of details.

Model D3X unites in itself advantages of the latest development in the field of creation of matrixes and technology of numeral handling of the image. The camera creates 14-bit files in the size 50 MB in format NEF (Raw). By means of software Capture NX2 files NEF can be transformed to files of an average format; 140 MB (16-bit files TIFF-RGB).

Photo camera D3X has wide range of sensitivity Iso: from 100 to 1600 which can be reduced about 50 units ISO or to increase to an equivalent of 6400 units ISO at the continuous shooting with a speed to 5 frames with the full resolution or 7 frames in a mode of framing DX with resolution 10 mpx. In a photo camera the system of auto focus MultiCAM3500FX with 51 point is used.

Mode LiveView, simplifying operation process is ideally suited for operation in studio or in other conditions when to use the view-finder is impractical. The photo camera provides high speed of response: turn-on time 12 msec, a time delay of actuating of a lock 40 msec. The lock made of an alloy of a carbonic fiber and material Kevla, has been developed for a heavy use and has successfully transited test for actuating during 300 000 cycles (as well as in predecessor D3).

The photocamera is equipped by the view-finder providing a covering of 100 %, and 3 inch VGA-display. Vlago – and the dustproof case on the basis of a magnesian alloy provides possibility of support of wireless systems Nikon (WT-4), output HDMI and has double slot for cards CF, and also is compatible to new device GPS GP-1.

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Any finished shooting video data before submitting in for the tv show or written down a video clip or a video film it is necessary to mount, i.e. to remove “superfluous” video topics, to join separate slices of a video data, to fulfill in between passages, to add special effects and titles. It those devices about which we will tell also urged to make. There are three types of video-tape editing: linear, non-linear and hybrid.

The linear video-tape editing

Implies copying of a video data from two (or several) video sources on the video receiver (video writer device) with a passing cutting unnecessary both “splice” of the necessary video scenes and adding of effects about which it was told above. A lack is a quality loss (the exception makes, perhaps only professional formats of representation of video signal, e.g. Betacam SP), high labor input and a video equipment of considerable quantity.

Non-linear video editing

Is produced on the basis of specialized computer systems. Thus draft video data at first are brought “in the computer”, and then mounting procedures are produced. Advantages are the following: practically absence of losses of quality at repeated “relocation” of video topics, the considerable saving of video equipment. Lacks are the following: operation is not in real time, the big time of handling of a video data, high labor input, limited scope of a video data brought in the computer.

Hybrid video-tape editing

This type combines advantages of first two (the non-linear video mounting system appears in a video source role). A lack is that as a rule it is at a higher price. Now we will tell about how video signal is arranged, in what type the video image is transferred between various processing devices of video signals. This knowledge is necessary for the correct choice of the devices working in various video formats.

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Like any other complex device, each chamber has a set of specifications that defines its class, features and price:

Resolution (MP) – a parameter that untrained users often perceive as the sole measure of the quality of shots. In fact, it’s just the total number of items on matrix (measured in millions of pixels, Mn), from which the final image resolution depends. The more the better the image detail, and, consequently, larger high-quality prints that you can get in the studio or on your home printer. Say, for printing frames standard size 10×15 cm 8 megapixels is enough, well, shots with high resolution can already be used for high-quality printing: large portrait photos, posters, A4, A3, etc. Up to date models have matrix with a resolution of 8, 10, 12 and above Mp, which is more than enough for most users;

Size and type of matrix – when choosing a camera, this parameter is unfairly payed little attention, and yet the quality of survey depends on it, even to a greater extent than the same number of megapixels! The larger matrix the greater sensitivity and dynamic range it has and the less digital noise you see on the photos, which were shot in difficult conditions (low light shots at high ISO, selected the wrong camera settings, etc.).
For an amateur camera (shoot cameras “), this parameter is usually expressed as a fraction, denoting the diagonal, in inches, with a typical value for the cost models is 1 / 2, 3,” for top – 1 / 1, 6. In SLR cameras usually give the length and width of the matrix, which begins from 20x 15 mm in the initial models and comes up to 36×24 and higher professional;

Multiplicity of zoom – an indicator of the possibility of the lens of your camera to shoot distant objects – than it is, the more distant object you can “zoom” and photographed. Since this indicator is directly related to the size of optics, lenses with high zoom (10 ~ and above) may increase the size and weight of the camera. Also note that when shooting at long distances the effect of shaking hands on the photo quality is substantially increased to compensate for what to use tripods and models of cameras with optical stabilization.
In the characteristics of the camera usually indicate right are two types of zoom – optical and digital. Optical works by changing the relative position of lenses in the lens and provides a truly high-quality approximation of the object. But the digital zoom merely increases the size of the image programmatically (just as you do it in a graphics editor), resulting in a significant loss of quality. When choosing a camera, pay attention solely on the optical zoom, as digital, as a rule, does not bear any practical use.

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The group of parameters that does not have a determining effect on the quality of shooting, but a substantial effect on the functionality and usability of the camera:

Size and design of the LCD screen – any digital camera, regardless of class, and the cost is equipped with LCD screen, through which the guidance on the subject, viewing the footage and camera control. Perform all these operations are much more comfortable on a large screen with high resolution (some manufacturers even use touch screens that let you manage the device “one touch”), so that all things being equal characteristics should prefer it to such models.
In advanced cameras also found rotary screens (similar to those used in video cameras), which can be tilted at an angle with a special hinge. This possibility will be extremely useful in difficult conditions under which the choice framing with an optical viewfinder or rigidly fixed LCD screen is difficult – reportage photography over the heads of the crowd, the creative shots from the bottom-up, etc.;

The number of shooting modes – important enough for amateur cameras is a list of shooting modes, which can be divided into automatic and manual. Using the first type gives the user the choice of parameters at the mercy of the camera (Auto mode) or selects only the nature of photography and / or external conditions (Portrait, Landscape, Night Scene, Sports, etc.), after which the camera determines the missing parameters for shooting (aperture, shutter speed, etc.). In manual mode, such as Manual, Shutter Priority and Aperture Priority photographer selects all shooting parameters (or at least one of them) on their own, which allows us to implement non-standard creative ideas.
For this item, also include the ability to shoot in “raw” format RAW (recorded with the full information matrix, with no processing and transformation into JPEG), which subsequently can significantly improve graphic editor. Modern cameras are also able to record video – if this function is relevant to you, then pay attention to the resolution videotape and having a soundtrack;

Connectors – a standard set of connectors camera includes: a port for transferring photos to your PC (micro-USB, mini-USB or corporate), audiovideoport to easily view the captured photos and videos on your TV or monitor (can be HDMI or corporate) and socket for charger. Typically, the package includes all the necessary cables, but if your camera has no brand, and dissemination of standard connectors, it greatly facilitates its use;

Memory cards – the majority of amateur camera work with popular memory card formats, SD and MMC.

Battery type – usually camera is equipped with a certain standard batteries, which can be charged only with branded chargers. However, there are devices that operate from the usual “finger” batteries or batteries that can be bought on every street corner and charge from any compatible charger. These cameras are very convenient during long tours away from the wall outlet and shops photography.

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There are four most common groups of lenses, which, of course, differ from each other by their focal length – telephoto middle focus lenses, wide angle lenses and lens for macro photography.

Tele

Tele lenses are the focal lengths ranging from 70 mm. and above. The most common focal length of this category is from 70 to 200 mm. There are lenses with focal length 500 mm. They are used for photographing football matches and their price goes up to tens of thousands of euros.

Thus, a telephoto lens in the practice is most often used for making portraits. At high magnification can be very profitable crop the shooting object, cutting off the unnecessary details and focusing on what exactly you want to show. Above all, a very good telephoto lens can blur the background in portrait photography is very important.

The advantage of telephoto lenses is that you can make a picture with their help from a distance without attracting attention, like a bird on a branch – with such a lens can be located at a distance.

Middle focus lenses

They are those lenses that have a range of focal lengths in the range of 30-100 mm. It can be used as reportage lens . Reportage lens allows shots on a wide 24-millimeter angle that allows you to work in small premises. That is the universality of these lenses..

Wide-angle lenses

Most-wide-angle lenses are used when shooting landscapes or interiors. They can be used in genre pictures, creatively using the resulting distortion of perspective. Accordingly, such a lens to shoot portraits will be inappropriate.

Macro

The name of this group speaks for itself – these lenses are used to shooting everything in our everyday life that we do not notice – all insects, dew-grass and stuff. While in professional photography found wide application macro lens when shooting, such as jewelry. But this does not mean that the macro can not shoot landscapes. The main difference of macro lens is the minimum focusing distance (MDF), which allows you to place your subject close enough to the lens.

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S-VHS (Super-VHS) – cameras differ from VHS-models with the advanced standard of record and more high quality of a used tape (its width and overall dimensions is the same as at VHS). S-VHS provides the raised definition of record (to 400-420 lines across), comprehensible losses of quality at copying and insignificant magnification of specific cost of record (3-4 cents/minutes).

Almost all S-S-cameras are equipped with a connector which provides a better signal transmission for record or playback. All S-S-cameras are capable to write down a binaural sound. At shooting it is possible to use holders VHS (record in VHS, with appropriate lowering of quality). The cost of such cameras is high, and overall dimensions and weight don’t allow to capture it with themselves “just in case”. Records S-VHS can’t be played back on a normal VHS-videoplayer or the video tape recorder (review is possible at connection to TV camera or expensive S-S-video tape recorder). Rather recently there were VHS-tape recorders with support of “quasi-playback” S-VHS which successfully play holders of this format, but provide signal quality only at level VHS. S-S-cameras normally use for shootings to order with the subsequent mounting of the finished shooting material.

S-S-C (Super-VHS-Compact) – cameras – the small-size variant S-VHS using the compact holder, with appropriate general pluses and minuses: high definition of the image, binaural sound record, S-S-output presence. Differences from S-VHS: small weight and the overall dimensions, lowered in comparison with S-S-cameras power consumption. As well as at VHS-C, write time (90 minutes SP and 180 minutes LP) is restricted. Specific cost of shooting (about 15-20 cents/minutes) is very high. At shooting it is possible to use holders VHS-C (record in VHS, with appropriate lowering of quality). S-S-S-cameras are oriented on semiprofessional usage or the provided fans, wishing to receive high quality of the image and a sound. In the world market a share of the cameras using VHS, a VHS-C, S-VHS, the S-S-C steadily decreases, competitive struggle win Video8, Hi8 and mini-DV-models. However in some countries these video cameras are still popular.

Models of video cameras of format Video8 use own standard of compact video cassettes with a tape in width of 8 mm. Doubtless pluses: small overall dimensions of cameras and the big duration of record on one holder (to 120 minutes SP and 240 minutes LP). Other advantages: comprehensible specific cost of shooting (4-5 cents/minutes), reasonable price of cameras, possibility of the durable storage of the finished shooting material without copying on the special expensive holder (in holders Video8 the metallized tape and the majority of them on quality is used corresponds to archiving requirements).

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